Origin, history, morphology, production, improvement, and utilization of broomcorn sorghum bicolor l. Varieties of s bicolor, known as grain sorghum, are cultivated for human food and animal feed. After all, the plant is africas contribution to the worlds top crops. The sorghum and is separated into five taxonomic subgenera or sections. The origin and early domestication of sorghum took place in northeastern africa. Sorghum sorghum bicolor is a warmseason cereal of african origin, which was first cultivated in the region of ethiopia or chad over 5000 years ago. It is a staple food for 500 million of the worlds poorest people. It is especially adapted to grow in dry areas but, being so rich in diversity, it also grows well in temperate and high altitude environments. Moench is the most important staple food crop in eritrea.
View sorghum bicolor l research papers on academia. Pdf origin, history, morphology, production, improvement, and. Pdf origin, history, morphology, production, improvement, and utilization of broomcorn sorghum bicolor l. Sorghum, sorghum bicolorl moench, is the fifth most important cereal after rice, wheat, maize, and barley. A study conducted in four sub regions hamelmalo, segeneyti, tesseney and goluj of eritrea to determined farmers perceptions on sorghum diversity, utilization, post harvest and production problems and their management practices using a semi. Pdf sorghum is a staple food crop for millions of poor people in the semiarid tropics of africa and asia.
Sorghum growth and development thomas gerik, brent bean and richard vanderlip rounded leaf tip. To include sorghum in a book on lost crops, on the face of it, seems like a gross mistake. Sorghum bicolor belongs to the panicoideae which is a subfamily of the poaceae formerly known as the gramineae. Media in category sorghum bicolor the following 106 files are in this category, out of 106 total. Rye secale cereale rye information sheet pdf sorghum sorghum bicolor budgets. Sorghum is attacked by 150 species of insects sharma 1993, among which sugarcane aphids, melanaphis sacchari zehntner hemiptera. The sorghum crop has four usesforage, grain, sirup, and indus trial such as the. Sorghum spread throughout africa, and along the way, adapted to a wide range of environments from the highlands of ethiopia to the semiarid sahel. It is a staple food for more than 500 million people in more than 30 countries, although maize.
Moench is a droughtresilient crop, grown extensively in semiarid tropics of the. This page was last edited on 14 october 2019, at 23. Patil, in genetic enhancement of rabi sorghum, 2015. Sorghum, an african grass related to sugar cane and maize, is grown for food, feed, fibre and fuel. Sorghum is a staple food for more than 500 million people in more than 30 countries. Breeding strategies for the adaptation of sorghum sorghum. Moench is a major staple crop that is adapted to multiple agroclimatic zones of the world smith and frederiksen 2000. Moench in serbia this article is a summary of almost 60 years of experiences concerning broomcorn research, development, and production in see, and more specifically in serbia.
This plant can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below. However, these figures do not do justice to the importance of sorghum in africa. This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. One of the few grains that can be used as a wheat substitute in glutenfree recipes and products, this is an important food crop in africa, central america, and south asia, and is the fifthmost important cereal crop grown in the world. Moench gramineae includes all cultivated sorghums as well as a group of semiwild plants mostly associated.
Sorghum, sorghum bicolor, also called great millet, indian millet, milo, durra, or shallu, cereal grain plant of the grass family poaceae and its edible starchy seeds. The earliest known record of sorghum comes from an archeological dig at nabta playa, near the egyptiansudanese border, dated 8,000 b. Usda germplasm resources information network, undated. Sorghum, with large juicy stems containing as much as 10% sucrose, used in manufacture of syrup. In this document, domesticated sorghum refers to s. The sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses. The plant likely originated in africa, where it is a major food crop, and has numerous varieties, including grain sorghums, used for food. Cultivated sorghum is a single species sorghum bicolor l. Sorghum bicolor is an important crop providing food and fodder in the semiarid tropics of the world. Moench is an indigenous crop to africa, and though commercial needs and uses may change over time, sorghum will remain a basic staple food for many rural communities. Certain varieties, known as sweet sorghum, concentrate sugar in the pith cells of the stalk and are cultivated for sugars and syrups. This taxon has many life history traits that have promoted its spread. Sorghum is considered the camel of the crops, a true testament to its hardiness and ability to grow in dry, nutrientpoor soils and withstand prolonged droughts. Sorghum is one of africas greatest contributions to the worlds agricultural diversity, and is a traditional.
The seed is used as food, in brewing kiffir beer, the kiffir corn malt and cornmeal is fermented to make leting a sour mash, the pith is eaten, and the sweet culm chewed. Impact of sorghum growth stage and resistance on life. The continent produces about 20 million tonnes of sorghum per annum, about onethird of the world crop. Sorghum is also planted for cattle fodder and other purposes. Each leaf sheath originates at its own node on the plant stalk. Sorghum is known as guineacorn, dawa, or sorgho in west africa, durra in the sudan. Grain sorghum upperleft, sweet sorghum upperright and forage sorghum. Pdf origin, history, morphology, production, improvement. Most varieties are drought and heattolerant, and are especially important in arid regions, where the grain is one of the.
One species, sorghum bicolor, native to africa with many cultivated forms now, is an important crop worldwide, used for food as grain and in sorghum syrup or sorghum molasses, animal fodder, the production of alcoholic beverages, and biofuels. Moench is a wellknown c4 plant with dynamic growth and highest biomass rate and widely grown cereal crop around the. In general, forage sorghums are taller plants with later maturity dates and more vegetative growth than grain sorghums. Globally, it produces approximately 70 million metric tons of grain from about 50 million hectares of land. It spread to india by 4000 years ago and later to china and to southern africa by about 1500 years ago. Sorghum bicolor is the fifth most cultivated cereal crop worldwide1. It is the member of the grass family poaceae or gramineae. Sorghum bicolor sorghum is a food and feed cereal crop that originated in africa and is adapted to heat and drought.
Sorghum originated in africa, and is now cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions. This document provides an overview of baseline biological information relevant to risk assessment of genetically modified forms of the species that may be released into the. All about sorghum the united sorghum checkoff program. Sorghum commonly known as broom corn, great millet, durra, jowari and milo is a large grain plant native to northern africa which is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions these days. The leaf collar marks the junction of the leaf blade and sheath and appears when the leaf is fully developed. Common names of sorghum include wild grain, grain sorghum, forage sorghum, sweet sorghum, broom millet, broomcorn, milo, jowar, kafir corn, guinea corn and. Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Key access and utilization descriptors for sorghum genetic resources corporate author. The word sorghum typically refers to cultivated sorghum sorghum bicolor l. Growth characteristics also vary depending on the location grown, inputs, and agronomic practices. Pearl millet pennisetum glaucum pearl millet for grain uga extension publication.
It constitutes the main food grain for over 750 million people who live in the semiarid tropics of africa, asia, and latin america. The results can also be downloaded as a csv file unicode utf8 encoding see. Globally, it produces approximately 70 million tons of grain from about 50 million ha o f land. Sorghum is a genus with many species and subspecies, and there are several types of sorghum, including grain sorghums, grass sorghums for pasture and hay, sweet sorghums for syrups, and broomcorn. The latter is especially true in the more drought prone areas of south africa where this hardy crop provides better household food security than maize.
All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. It is the only viable food grain for many of the worlds most food insecure people. Grain sorghum is one of four major types of sorghum bicolor. Moench in serbia1 article pdf available in economic botany 652. Poaceae is one of the major cereal crops and the united states is the largest sorghum exporting country in the world usdafas 2017. Origin, history, morphology, production, improvement, and. In terms of tonnage, sorghum is africas second most important cereal.
Population genomics of sorghum sorghum bicolor across. It is the fifth most important cereal crop after wheat, corn, rice and barley. Sorghum facts, health benefits and nutritional value. Ang sorghum bicolor sakop sa kahenera nga sorghum sa kabanay nga poaceae. Moench is cultivated as a major food crop in several countries in south asia, africa, and central america. Pagka karon wala pay siak nga nalista ubos niini niya. Among these countries, the top 10 sorghum producers are the united states, abstract sorghum sorghum bicolor l. The focus of this species page is on sorghum bicolor ssp. Kowal, department of botany, university of wisconsinmadison. The biology of sorghum office of the gene technology.
Grain sorghum, mabele, amazimba, amabele origin and distribution sorghum is the 5th most important grain crop after wheat, maize, rice and barley. The crop is mainly grown in tropical and subtropical areas that are marginal and stress prone. An sorghum bicolor in nahilalakip ha genus nga sorghum, ngan familia nga poaceae. Eastern province is a major sorghum growing zone in kenya. Aphididae have been one of the key pests of this crop worldwide singh et al.
In smallholder production systems of africa, sorghum is used as food, forage, and building material, and cultivated under constraints such as drought, insects, weeds, and bird predation national research council 1996. Heterosorghum, parasorghum belongs to the section eusorghum arundinaceum, kellog 20 and phylogenetic studies demonstrate that sorghum is closely related to maize. Moench is a crop indigenous to africa, where it appears to have been domesticated in ethiopia about 5 000 years ago. It is also known from various vernacular names such as french. Both sorghum and the millets are c4, tropicaltype plants like maize, and as such are more efficient in utilizing the high solar radiant energy in the tropical latitudes than wheat and its relatives and rice, which are c3 temperatetype plants sage and zhu, 2009.
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